Un acercamiento a las pruebas rápidas para la determinación de antígenos de SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de hisopado nasofaríngeo
Autores
Francisco Rodríguez Amador, Marvin Durán-Delgado
Resumen
El virus SARS-CoV-2 ha causado una pandemia que ha tenido importantes consecuencias en el ámbito de salud, en lo económico y en lo social. La estrategia de los sistemas de salud para amortiguar su impacto se basa en captar los casos de manera oportuna para indicar aislamiento, estudio de contactos y seguimiento de la evolución clínica a los sujetos que han contraído la enfermedad para mitigar la dispersión del virus y ofrecer atención oportuna a quien la requiera. Desde diciembre de 2019, se describió una técnica de RT-PCR capaz de detectar el ARN viral y confirmar la infección con una alta sensibilidad y especificidad. Para los propósitos de diagnóstico, toma de decisiones y vigilancia epidemiológica, las técnicas moleculares tienen la desventaja de que requieren de laboratorios y personal especializados y tienen un alto costo. Como alternativa se ha propuesto la determinación del antígeno del virus SARS-CoV-2 que se basa en una técnica de inmunocromatografía de flujo lateral y arroja resultados en pocos minutos; esta técnica no requiere laboratorios ni personal altamente especializados para su ejecución, pero se sabe que su sensibilidad es menor respecto a la RT-PCR dado que no realiza ningún tipo de amplificación del material a detectar. Esta investigación pretende abordar el estado de la cuestión de los métodos basados en inmunocromatografía de flujo lateral desde su fundamento hasta los principales estudios que han valorado su desempeño analítico a nivel global.
Palabras clave
Pruebas rápidas de diagnóstico, COVID-19, antígenos SARS-COV-2Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused a pandemic with important consequences in health, economic and social fields. The health system strategy to face the impact is based on capturing cases in an early manner, aimed to set isolation, study the contacts and follow-up of the clinical evolution of sick subjects to mitigate the spread of the virus, and offer proper care to those who require it. Since December 2019, an RT-PCR technique capable of detecting viral RNA and confirming infection with high sensitivity and specificity has been described. For the purposes of diagnosis, decision making, and epidemiological surveillance, molecular techniques require laboratories and specialized staff which means a high cost. As an alternative it has been proposed to determine the antigen of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that by a lateral flow immunochromatography technique which yields results in a few minutes. This technique does not require laboratories or highly specialized staff to perform it; but, it is known that its sensitivity is lower than RT-PCR, since it does not perform any amplification of the material to be detected. This research aims to address the state of the art of lateral flow immunochromatography-based methods from its foundation to the main studies that have assessed its analytical performance at a global level.
Key words
Rapid diagnostic test, COVID-19, antigen SARS-COV-2Texto completo
Referencias
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