El proceso inflamatorio como vínculo entre la aterosclerosis y el sistema inmunológico

Autores

Mauricio Vargas-Valverde

RESUMEN

La aterosclerosis es la principal causa de enfermedad cardiovascular. La inflamación media el desarrollo y ruptura de la placa de ateroma. El reclutamiento de células inflamatorias como monocitos, linfocitos, neutrófilos, y mastocitos en la pared de los vasos sanguíneos ocurre debido al daño que el estrés hemodinámico genera en el endotelio vascular. En la región subendotelial hay partículas oxidadas de lipoproteínas de baja densidad que son fagocitadas por los macrófagos, estos acumulan colesterol y se convierten en células espumosas. Los distintos tipos de células presentes en la placa de ateroma generan citoquinas proinfamatorias que permiten la quimiotaxis de leucocitos. El debilitamiento y ruptura de la placa ocurre debido a defectos en los mecanismos de resolución de la inflamación. En consecuencia, el material aterotrombótico sale al lumen del vaso sanguíneo y puede ocasionar un infarto en el miocardio o un accidente cerebrovascular.

Palabras clave

Inflamación, aterosclerosis, monocito, macrófago, célula espumosa, inmunidad innata, inmunidad adaptativa.

ABSTRACT

Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular disease. Inflammation mediates the development and rupture of the atheromatous plaque. The recruitment of inflammatory cells such as monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and mast cells in the wall of blood vessels occurs due to the damage that hemodynamic stress generates in the vascular endothelium. In the subendothelial region there are oxidized particles of low density lipoproteins that are phagocytosed by macrophages. These accumulate cholesterol and become foam cells. The different types of cells present in the atheromatous plaque generate proinfamatorias cytokines that allow the chemotaxis of leukocytes. The weakening and rupture of plaque occurs due to defects in the mechanisms of resolution of inflammation. As a result, the atherothrombotic material exits the lumen of the blood vessel and can cause a myocardial infarction or stroke.

Keywords

Inflammation, atherosclerosis, monocyte, macrophage, foam cell, innate immunity, adaptive immunity.
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