1. Harris D, Lucy C. Quantitative chemical analysis. 10th ed. New York: Freeman Custom Publishing; 2019.
2. Uttam G, Hammett-Stabler C. Clinical applications of mass spectrometry: methods and protocols. New York, N.Y: Humana Press; 2010.
3. Kicman AT. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154(3):502–21.
4. Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, Callegari C, Clevenger B, Phillips J, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335(1):1–7.
5. Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, Singh AB, Bhasin D, Berman N, et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001; 281(6):1172–81.
6. Melchert RB, Welder AA. Cardiovascular effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995; 27(9):1252–62.
7. See KL, See M, Gluud C. Liver pathology associated with the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Liver. 1992; 12(2):73–9.
8. Bronson FH. Effects of prolonged exposure to anabolic steroids on the behavior of male and female mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1996; 53(2):329–34.
9. Kanayama G, Kean J, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013; 130(1-3):208–14.
10. Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse: a looming public health concern? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008; 98(1-2):1–12.
11. Parkinson AB, Evans NA. Anabolic androgenic steroids: a survey of 500 users. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(4): 644–51.
12. Penning R, Veldstra JL, Daamen AP, Olivier B, Verster JC. Drugs of abuse, driving and traffic safety. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2010; 3(1):23–32.
13. Humphrey KR, Decker KP, Goldberg L, Pope HG, Gutman J, Green G. Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse by Police Officers: Policy and Prevention. Police Chief. 2008; 75(6):66.
14. Honour JW. Mass spectrometry for steroids. Ann Clin Biochem. 2014;51(Pt 3): 309–11.
15. Schänzer W. Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids. Clin Chem. 1996 Jul; 42(7):1001–20.
16. Badoud F, Grata E, Perrenoud L, Avois L, Saugy M, Rudaz S, et al. Fast analysis of doping agents in urine by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry I. Screening analysis. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(20):4423–33.
17. Balcells G, Pozo OJ, Esquivel A, Kotronoulas A, Joglar J, Segura J, et al. Screening for anabolic steroids in sports: Analytical strategy based on the detection of phase I and phase II intact urinary metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2015;1389:65–75.
18. Hauser B, Schulz D, Boesch C, Deschner T. Measuring urinary testosterone levels of the great apes-problems with enzymatic hydrolysis using Helix pomatia juice. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2008;158(1):77–86.
19. Jeon BW, Yoo HH, Jeong ES, Kim HJ, Jin C, Kim DH, et al. LC-ESI/MS/MS method for rapid screening and confirmation of 44 exogenous anabolic steroids in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011; 401(4):1353–63.
20. Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. Development and validation of a qualitative screening method for the detection of exogenous anabolic steroids in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;389(4):1209–24.
21. Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Van Thuyne W, Deventer K, Delbeke FT. Direct quantification of steroid glucuronides in human urine by liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2008;1183(1-2):108–18.
22. Tudela E, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Sensitive detection of 3’-hydroxy-stanozolol glucuronide by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2013;1292:195–200.
23. Watson JT, Sparkman OD. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry: Instrumentation, Applications and Strategies for Data Interpretation. 4th ed. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007.
24. Tudela E, Deventer K, Geldof L, Van Eenoo P. Urinary detection of conjugated and unconjugated anabolic steroids by dilute-and-shoot liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal. 2015; 7(2):95–108.
25. Hintikka L, Kuuranne T, Leinonen A, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Halket J, et al. Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of glucuronide-conjugated anabolic steroid metabolites: method validation and interlaboratory comparison. J Mass Spectrom. 2008; 43(7):965–73.
26. World Anti-Doping Agency. Minimum required performance levels for detection and identification of non-threshold substances. Disponible en: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/science-medicine/td2019mrpl. 2019. Accedido 03/07/2020.
27. Cho S-H, Lee J, Choi MH, Lee W-Y, Chung BC. Determination of urinary androgen glucuronides by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2009; 23(4):426–33.
28. Moon J-Y, Kwon W, Suh S, Cheong JC, In MK, Chung BC, et al. Reference ranges for urinary levels of testosterone and epitestosterone, which may reveal gonadal function, in a Korean male population. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;140:100–5.
29. Borts DJ, Bowers LD. Direct measurement of urinary testosterone and epitestosterone conjugates using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom. 2000; 35(1):50–61.
30. Baume N, Avois L, Schweizer C, Cardis C, Dvorak J, Cauderay M, et al. [13C]Nandrolone excretion in trained athletes: interindividual variability in metabolism. Clin Chem. 2004; 50(2):355–64.
31. Choo H-YP, Kwon O-S, Park J. Quantitative Determination of Stanozolol and Its Metabolite in Urine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 1990;14(2):109–12.
32. Le Bizec B, Bryand F, Gaudin I, Monteau F, Poulain F, Andre F. Endogenous nandrolone metabolites in human urine: preliminary results to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous origin. Steroids. 2002; 67(2):105–10.
33. Schänzer W, Opfermann G, Donike M. Metabolism of stanozolol: Identification and synthesis of urinary metabolites. J Steroid Biochem. 1990; 36(1-2):153–74.
34. Deventer K, Pozo OJ, Verstraete AG, Van Eenoo P. Dilute-and-shoot-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for urine analysis in doping control and analytical toxicology. TrAC Trends Anal Chem. 2014;55:1–13.
35. Schänzer W, Guddat S, Thomas A, Opfermann G, Geyer H, Thevis M. Expanding analytical possibilities concerning the detection of stanozolol misuse by means of high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometric detection of stanozolol glucuronides in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal. 2013; 5(11-12):810–8.